Técnicas de coste reducido para el posicionamiento del paciente en radioterapia percutánea utilizando un sistema de imágenes ópticas

Patient positioning is an important part of radiation therapy which is one of the main solutions for the treatment of malignant tissue in the human body. Currently, the most common patient positioning methods expose healthy tissue of the patient's body to extra dangerous radiations. Other non-invasive positioning methods are either not very accurate or are very costly for an average hospital. In this thesis, we explore the possibility of developing a system comprised of affordable hardware and advanced computer vision algorithms that facilitates patient positioning. Our algorithms are based on the usage of affordable RGB-D sensors, image features, ArUco planar markers, and other geometry registration methods. Furthermore, we take advantage of consumer-level computing hardware to make our systems widely accessible. More specifically, we avoid the usage of approaches that need to take advantage of dedicated GPU hardware for general-purpose computing since they are more costly. In different publications, we explore the usage of the mentioned tools to increase the accuracy of reconstruction/localization of the patient in its pose. We also take into account the visualization of the patient's target position with respect to their current position in order to assist the person who performs patient positioning. Furthermore, we make usage of augmented reality in conjunction with a real-time 3D tracking algorithm for better interaction between the program and the operator. We also solve more fundamental problems about ArUco markers that could be used in the future to improve our systems. These include highquality multi-camera calibration and mapping using ArUco markers plus detection of these markers in event cameras which are very useful in the presence of fast camera movement. In the end, we conclude that it is possible to increase the accuracy of 3D reconstruction and localization by combining current computer vision algorithms with fiducial planar markers with RGB-D sensors. This is reflected in the low amount of error we have achieved in our experiments for patient positioning, pushing forward the state of the art for this application.En el tratamiento de tumores malignos en el cuerpo, el posicionamiento del paciente en las sesiones de radioterapia es una cuestión crucial. Actualmente, los métodos más comunes de posicionamiento del paciente exponen tejido sano del mismo a radiaciones peligrosas debido a que no es posible asegurar que la posición del paciente siempre sea la misma que la que tuvo cuando se planificó la zona a radiar. Los métodos que se usan actualmente, o no son precisos o tienen costes que los hacen inasequibles para ser usados en hospitales con financiación limitada. En esta Tesis hemos analizado la posibilidad de desarrollar un sistema compuesto por hardware de bajo coste y métodos avanzados de visión por ordenador que ayuden a que el posicionamiento del paciente sea el mismo en las diferentes sesiones de radioterapia, con respecto a su pose cuando fue se planificó la zona a radiar. La solución propuesta como resultado de la Tesis se basa en el uso de sensores RGB-D, características extraídas de la imagen, marcadores cuadrados denominados ArUco y métodos de registro de la geometría en la imagen. Además, en la solución propuesta, se aprovecha la existencia de hardware convencional de bajo coste para hacer nuestro sistema ampliamente accesible. Más específicamente, evitamos el uso de enfoques que necesitan aprovechar GPU, de mayores costes, para computación de propósito general. Se han obtenido diferentes publicaciones para conseguir el objetivo final. Las mismas describen métodos para aumentar la precisión de la reconstrucción y la localización del paciente en su pose, teniendo en cuenta la visualización de la posición ideal del paciente con respecto a su posición actual, para ayudar al profesional que realiza la colocación del paciente. También se han propuesto métodos de realidad aumentada junto con algoritmos para seguimiento 3D en tiempo real para conseguir una mejor interacción entre el sistema ideado y el profesional que debe realizar esa labor. De forma añadida, también se han propuesto soluciones para problemas fundamentales relacionados con el uso de marcadores cuadrados que han sido utilizados para conseguir el objetivo de la Tesis. Las soluciones propuestas pueden ser empleadas en el futuro para mejorar otros sistemas. Los problemas citados incluyen la calibración y el mapeo multicámara de alta calidad utilizando los marcadores y la detección de estos marcadores en cámaras de eventos, que son muy útiles en presencia de movimientos rápidos de la cámara. Al final, concluimos que es posible aumentar la precisión de la reconstrucción y localización en 3D combinando los actuales algoritmos de visión por ordenador, que usan marcadores cuadrados de referencia, con sensores RGB-D. Los resultados obtenidos con respecto al error que el sistema obtiene al reproducir el posicionamiento del paciente suponen un importante avance en el estado del arte de este tópico

Antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) autolysates.

The present study investigated antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of cocoa autolysates. After removal of cocoa fat, alkaloids and polyphenols, the remaining proteinous powder was autolyzed at pH 3.5 and 5.2. At similar concentrations, autolysates produced at pH 3.5 indicated the highest reducing power and ACE inhibition activity. However, those generated at pH 5.2 showed the highest antioxidant activity based on β-carotene bleaching assay. The results displayed a dose-dependent trend. Based on amino acids composition, slight differences were detected between autolysates, and as it was found, they were rich in hydrophobic amino acids. Qualitative and quantitative tests were applied to assure that the results from the assays were not due to the polyphenols of cocoa autolysates. Based on the results no polyphenols could be detected from cocoa autolysates. It can be indicated that among other useful substances of cocoa, its peptides and amino acids could contribute to its health-promoting properties. Furthermore, these bioactive substances can be exploited into functional foods or used as a source of nutraceuticals

اقتصاد زیرزمینی در شهرهای مرزی

The Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the widest countries of Middle East and economic poles of southeast of Asia is neighbor of 7 foreign countries in grand. An important negative result of this fact is smuggling in border cities of Iran that is named undergrand or informal economy. In the east of Iran, this phenomenon is in figure of smugging of economic goods with negative marginal utility which are called good commodities in economics that in addition to negative economic aspects has a variety of social disorders. In the west of country illegal import of commodities from neighbourhood countries is followed several negative economic results. The purpose of this article is to survey effective factors and results of smuggling extension in Iran

IRAN'S AND RUSSIA'S COUNTERBALANCE STRATEGY AGAINST THE UNITED STATES

Abstract. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the power of the country from a global level to the regional level has led the country's political elites to rethink their policies and focus their attention on the outside world.The Islamic Republic of Iran has also been an important part of its post-Cold War effort towards a policy of looking at the East by strengthening international alliances with the aim of undermining structural pressures. And the United States has tried to enforce its influence in the region, particularly in the Caucasus and the Middle East, and has caused some dangers. Therefore, the two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia have decided to cooperate and balance the power towards the United States.The study aims to emphasize the importance of joint political, military-security and regional cooperation between Iran and Russia in search of the national interests of the two countries to achieve a balance of power towards the United States. The main theme of the article is what are the areas of strategic development of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia and what are the goals pursued? The hypothesis is that the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia are expanding their strategic ties in pursuit of coalition with the aim of reducingstructural pressures and balancing the ruling hegemonic system. Accordingly, the two-state balance-of-arms strategy will ultimately lead to national interests and a balance in the United States and reduce its influence in the region. The research method in this analytical-descriptive study is information library collection.Key words: Iran, Russia, Middle East, Strategic Alliance, America

SECURITY THREATS OF ISIS ON THE AXIS OF RESISTANCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON NATIONAL SECURITY OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

Abstract. The ISIL terrorist group is one of salafi jihadist currents which was established and acitvated when USA and its allies attacked to Iraq. This salafi jihadist group has occupied some parts of Iraq and Syria lands in the axis of resistance which includes part of strategy security of Islamic Republic of Iran through its terrorist acts and by the support of some regional and trans-regional countries. Therefore, since any instability and chaos in the region of resistance axis threats the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, real recognition of such threats in surrounding areas of Islamic Republic of Iran for adapting counteract strategies is critical. Thus, the aim of the current study is diagnosing the effects of security threats of salafi jihadist ISIL group on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and resistance axis. In other words, its been attempted to find an answer to this question that whatcould be the possible threats of slefi jihadi ISIL group on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and resistance axis? What dimensions of the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and resistance axis will be involved? In answering these question this hypothesis was taken into account that the threats induced by this group will be on different political, security, military, economical, and social levels. In addition, the presence of ISIL as a threat factor in Shitte geopolitic will bring about damage to pure Islam Mohammadi, weakness of resistacne axis, turn of power balance in favor of Israeli occupying regime and conservative Arab countries, the second presence of USA in a coalition against ISIL and physical besiege of Iran in Shitte geopolitics. Researchers in this study have investigated theeffect of ISIL threats on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and resistance axis by the theory of Copenhagen school and descriptive-survey method through using library instruments.Keywords: ISIL, National Security, National Security Threats, Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), the axis of Resistance, Copenhagen Schoo

Negative Correlation Between Economic Structure of Rentier State and Non-Democratization (Case Study: Saudi Arabia)

The Saudi Arabia having patrimonial government politically system and unique nature of power structure that all political affairs set in Ale Saudi dynasty. Government system is traditional and dependent to person and persons of dynasty are absolute rulers and away from criticism and ruler willing prefer to law. Despite of authoritarian and monarchy system and non-democracy development in Saudi Arabia special now that kind of government system isn’t acceptable side of dominant discourse of global community, this country could rely on oil produce regarding to rentier state features have active representation in international communities and too in home sue achievement to legitimacy and vindication. the interests of state-building and to reinforce its legitimacy, which is hardly the act of a state free of interests. Saudi Arabia is also an archetypal example of a state that still faces influence from actors within the state and elite structures, i.e. princes, senior officials, and clerics, among others. In this article analysis rentier state effect on non-democracy development in case study of the Saudi Arabia and research claim is that in nature of relations between rentier state and non-democracy development exist negative correlation. Namely whatever government income dependent to oil export and state economic nature has been independent from peoples, will be decrease from democratic charge in political dimension. This country by oil produce and effect to world powers economies cause that be complex government structure under monarchy system and use endowment of oil rent. Now observe modern dictatorship that despite of economic and social reforms side if internal, regional and international pressures in general dimension of society, will be non-democratic politically structure

Hypoglycemic effects of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) autolysates

Fat, alkaloid and polyphenol contents of two clones of cocoa (UIT1 and PBC 140) were removed and the remaining powder was autolyzed at pH 3.5 and 5.2. Based on the results, autolysates of UIT produced at pH 3.5 exhibited the highest ability to inhibit α-amylase activity. However, no α-glucosidase inhibition activity was observed under the conditions specified. Autolysates produced under pH 3.5 caused the highest amount of insulin secretion. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats, all cocoa autolysates significantly decreased blood glucose at 4 h. To assure that the results from the assays were not due to the polyphenols of cocoa autolysates qualitative and quantitative tests were applied. According to their results cocoa autolysates were found to be free from polyphenols. Analysis of amino acid composition revealed that cocoa autolysates were abundant in hydrophobic amino acids. It can be suggested that besides other compounds of cocoa, its peptides and amino acids could contribute to its health benefits